Short-Sightedness (Myopia): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

How Common is Myopia?

Myopia affects a large percentage of the global population. Studies indicate that by 2050, nearly 50% of the world’s population could be myopic due to lifestyle and environmental factors.

Signs and Symptoms of Myopia

Myopia often develops in childhood and may worsen until early adulthood. Common signs include:

• Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, such as road signs or school whiteboards

• Squinting or straining to see far-away objects

• Sitting too close to the TV, holding books or mobile devices very near to the face

• Frequent headaches due to eye strain

• Rubbing eyes frequently or experiencing eye fatigue

If you or your child experience any of these symptoms, an eye test is recommended.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of myopia is not fully understood, but several factors contribute to its development:

1. Genetics

If one or both parents are myopic, the risk of developing myopia increases significantly.

2. Excessive Near Work

Spending long hours on close-up tasks like reading, using digital devices, or working in low-light conditions can strain the eyes and lead to myopia.

3. Limited Outdoor Activity

Studies suggest that spending more time outdoors, especially during childhood, can help reduce the risk of developing myopia. Natural light exposure plays a role in healthy eye development.

How is Myopia Diagnosed?

A routine eye examination by an optometrist can determine if you have myopia. The test involves:

• Reading letters from a vision chart

• Using a phoropter to determine the correct lens prescription

• Examining the eye’s internal structure with special drops to check for complications

Treatment Options for Myopia

1. Prescription Glasses and Contact Lenses

These are the most common and effective methods for correcting myopia. Glasses are suitable for all ages, while contact lenses require proper hygiene and care.

2. Orthokeratology (Ortho-K)

This involves wearing special rigid contact lenses overnight to reshape the cornea temporarily. It allows better vision during the day without glasses or contacts.

3. Laser Eye Surgery (LASIK, PRK, SMILE)

Laser surgery reshapes the cornea to correct vision permanently. It is a popular option for adults with stable prescriptions but is not typically recommended for children.

4. Myopia Control Treatments for Children

Special myopia management solutions, such as atropine eye drops, multifocal lenses, and ortho-k lenses, may slow the progression of myopia in children.

Can Myopia Be Prevented?

While myopia cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle habits can help reduce the risk or slow its progression:

✔️ Spend at least 2 hours outdoors daily
✔️ Take breaks from screens and reading every 20 minutes
✔️ Ensure good lighting while working or studying
✔️ Maintain a healthy diet rich in eye-friendly nutrients like Vitamin A, C, and E

Complications of Severe Myopia

Severe or high myopia can increase the risk of serious eye conditions, including:

• Glaucoma – Increased eye pressure that can damage the optic nerve

• Retinal Detachment – A serious condition where the retina pulls away from the back of the eye, requiring urgent medical attention

• Cataracts – Clouding of the eye’s natural lens, leading to vision loss

When to See an Optometrist

Visit an eye care specialist if:

• You or your child struggle with distant vision

• You have not had an eye test in the last two years

• You experience frequent headaches or eye strain

Free Eye Tests and Vision Care Support

In some countries, including the UK, free NHS eye tests are available for children, students under 19, and individuals with specific health conditions like diabetes or glaucoma.

Final Thoughts

Myopia is a growing concern worldwide, but with early diagnosis and proper management, vision can be effectively corrected. Regular eye exams and healthy eye habits are essential for maintaining good vision and preventing complications.